Implementation of Comprehensive Sex Education in High...

This bill is established and designed to implement comprehensive sex education classes as a mandatory curriculum in high school of every state in the United States in order for every high school student to graduate. Section Two: Congress hereby finds and declares that the sex education curriculum has been wrongly denied of pursuing a thorough course in order for high schoolers to achieve a better understanding of anything sex related. Sex education, or sex ed, is an instructional course built to instruct issues relating to human sexualiy, sexual anotomy, sexual reproduction, sexual activity, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, and contraceptives. Out of the 50 states in the U.S, only 18 of†¦show more content†¦A rights-based approach to Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) seeks to equip young people with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values they need to determine and enjoy their sexuality – physically and emotionally, individually and in relationships. Teens who receive a comprehensive education about sex are 50 percent less likely to have an unintended pregnancy than those who receive sex educations that are abstinence-only or contra ception-only programs. Although this method teaches that abstinence is the best method for avoiding STD’s and unintentional pregnancies, it also teaches condoms and contraception. The curriculum itself provides a wide variety of sexually related topics compared to â€Å"abstinence-only† methods. The fundamentals of a Comprehensive Sexuality Education are as follows: to acquire accurate information on sexual and reproductive rights, information to dispel myths, references to resources and services, develop life skills such as critical thinking, communication and negotiation skills, self-development skills, decision making skills, sense of self, confidence, assertiveness, ability to take responsibility, ability to ask questions and seek help, nurture positive attitudes and values,Show MoreRelatedAbstinence-only vs. Abstinence-plus1607 Words   |  7 Pagesare many problems facing teenagers these days. None are bigger than the issue of underage sex, and all the issues s temming from it. The number of teenagers becoming sexually active, pregnant, and contracting sexually transmitted diseases are rapidly on the rise. There is no simple fix, or easy solution to this problem. Sex education should begin at home, and extend to include an effective program in schools that reinforce a clear message of abstaining from sexual activity in addition to informingRead MoreTeenage Pregnancies And Std Contraction1342 Words   |  6 Pagesin rates of teenage pregnancies and STD contraction. What is it about the US and its approach to sexual education that produces such numbers amongst its youth? The prevailing sexuality education system in the US is abstinence-only sex education programs. Abstinence-only-until-marriage education in schools is highly destructive to its students in multiple ways. Abstinence-only sexuality education does more harm to students than good, and is shown to have adverse effects on its students. The CDC YouthRead MoreThis Study Is Designed To Focus On The Effectiveness Of1305 Words   |  6 PagesThis study is designed to focus on the effectiveness of school based sex education programs in order to prevent teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). School districts across the United States have been teaching sex education program, however each varies with the type of program that is taught. The number of adolescents who engage in sexual activities has declined in past years. Nonetheless, the UnitedRead MoreSex Education Is A Process Of Building A Strong Foundation For Sexual Health1166 Words   |  5 PagesSex Education According to Rhiannon Lucy, â€Å"Sex education is a process that begins at birth and continues until the day you die. It is a process of building a strong foundation for sexual health†. There are many misconceptions and non-factual opinions that accompany along the topic of sexual education, even though it may constantly discussed. Sex may includes sexual development, reproduction, intimacy, gender roles and relationships. At home parents may be nervous when discussing this particular topicRead MoreTypes Of Integrative Review784 Words   |  4 PagesScholar and CINAHL; the keywords searched were â€Å"teen pregnancy† or â€Å"sex education† or â€Å"STI Prevention† and â€Å"digital† or â€Å"theory†; and, the years searched were inclusive of five years due to the limited research articles found otherwise. Using the guided questions as a foundation, the search strategy focused on (a) the effects of differing types of sex education taught t o adolescents; (b) the use of a theoretical approach within sex education; and, (c) the use of technology in health promotion among adolescentsRead MoreSociety Divided By Sexual Education Program Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pageslast year, more than ten thousand teenagers became pregnant, leading to high rates of school dropouts and increasing poverty in certain areas of the country. In her article â€Å"Society Divided by Sexual Education Program,† journalist Rosalia Simmons exposes the different perspectives the Panamanian society has regarding the law 61, which consists of the implementation of a sexual education subject in the curriculum of all the schools in Panama, whose main target is students from age 5 to 18 (Simmons).Read MoreSexual Education During The Late 1900 S1428 Words   |  6 PagesSexual education in America has been problematic since the late 1900’s because there is simply a lack of it. Sexual education has transformed over a hundred years, abated by the effect of religious upbringings and conservative outlooks. However, as evolved as it is today, it is still a national issue because of the ongoing struggle of comprehensive sexual education against abstinence, and in the midst of the two, students are still not being exposed to proper sexual health. Sexual education startedRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Safe Sex? Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education In a generation, where being forever young is the motto and a mindset of being invincible convinces various young adults to live a  high-risk lifestyle, unsafe sex is one of the many risky and at times dangerous behaviors that young people take a part in. There are many factors that may lead to this misconstrued judgement. Either  these young adults are  being ill  informed, simply just do not care or are not receiving proper education on the topic of sex and its many pros and cons.  EachRead MoreEssay about The Underlying Causes of Teen Pregnancy1363 Words   |  6 Pageshealth problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causes for the countrys high rate of teen pregn ancies. The true purpose of sex education and federal aid is to help strengthen the mother andRead MoreEssay On The Role Of HIV / AIDS Among Adolescents In SSA1336 Words   |  6 Pagesawareness among youth has grown, there are still high numbers of infections today (Ganle, 2016). This is often due to lack of comprehensive knowledge of AIDS and belief in conspiracy theories in many African nations (Elbadawi Mirghani, 2016; Hogg, et al., 2017; Tillotson Maharaj, 2001), low occurrences of HIV testing and counseling (Kwaku Oppong, 2013; Maughan-Brown, Lloyd, Bor, Venkataraman, 2016; Tillotson Maharaj, 2001), and pressure to engage in sex (Mutinta, Govender, George, Gow, 2014; Sommer

Poor Class And Homeless People - 1582 Words

As a nonprofit organization arise focuses on predominantly poor class and homeless people. One of the major issues they contend with his homelessness and domestic violence victim cases, leading to more complex situations the employees of arise work with to find housing and benefits. One thing to note about arise is every single one of the original mothers were all single and depending on welfare benefits in addition to themselves every woman also had children needed to find employment which covered French food utilities and clothing for their children. Coming from the perspective of poor class residents themselves they had personally experienced the social injustice women face if they do not know the language in the right questions to ask in order to receive an offense. One of the missions of arise not only is it to help poor class people but they also use the education they personally gained from first-hand experiences with others in order to help them assist in getting their needs met in addition to feeling empowered and getting something accomplished that prior to the assistance of arise is not possible. When considering class economics of an organization led by women, you are also contending with a historical class of people who have always been paid less than their male counterparts. By developing an understanding of the complex language of the state court and federal systems these women to Caucasian into African-American were able to build a community and networkShow MoreRelatedStereotypes Of Homeless Are Based On Their Gender And Education Level854 Words   |  4 PagesBased on my survey the stereotypes of homeless are based on their gender and education level. According to Oxford Dictionaries, homeless is a person without a home and therefore typically living on the streets (Oxford Dictionary). People that got surveyed around the mall are between the age range of 17 to 69. Women tend to have more sympathy, while men are straight forward towards the topic of homeless. Among the ten females that were surveyed, their age range from 20 to 68. Race varies from CaucasianRead MoreSocial Factors For Homelessness1425 Words   |  6 Pagescan still be homeless (Shelter, 2016). The term homelessness is usually associated with rough sleepers. However, it has been identified there are additional categories of homelessness. In addition to rough sleepers there are sofa surfers and those in local authority or privately rented temporary accommodation, within this population are homeless children. The homeless people that meet the local authority criteria are statutory homeless. The remaining population are non-statutory homeless, usually referredRead MoreBorn Poor And Smart By Angela Locke1255 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter sixteen, â€Å"Social Class and Inequality† the essays show different cases in which being rich, poor, smart or middle class can affect a person. In the writings of Angela Locke in â€Å"Born Poor and Smart† (338-339) Angela summarizes her life of what it was like growing up with a poor, yet smart mother. However, in â€Å"When Shelter Feels like a Prison† (374-376) Charmion Browne writes about being poor, and living in homeless shelters. Somethings in life, are no more than learning experiences, andRead MoreScenario Analysis: Funding the Homeless775 Words   |  3 Pagestakes place in a middle class suburban area in the NE part of the United States. The central argument surrounds a building planning board that is tasked to bring a federally funded homeless shelter into a suburban township area. Advocates for the shelter have already done preliminary work and presented plans for a 200 room, hotel style arrangement that provides privacy, showers, etc. Many of these individuals are working, but women and children of a class known as the working poor. Those opposed areRead MorePoverty Is The Shortage, Deficiency, Or The State Of A Person1586 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans existing in poverty in the United States was anticipated to be 35.9 million in 2003 with almost 12.9% of the people in poverty being under eighteen.4 Poverty directly effects the ingenuous children who grow up in hardship suffering families and sadly, studies show that poverty tends to move from one generation to the next.5 In today’s society, you are technically considered poor if you are only making close to 20,000 dollars a year, live in a little home, and drive a beat up car.6 In otherRead MoreHate Crime upon the Homeless1526 Word s   |  6 Pagessociety who are homeless. People who happen to be homeless, by the nature of not having a home are more vulnerable to attacks both verbally and physically. I believe that violence upon homeless individuals is a hate crime because they are targeted specifically because they are homeless, and seen as less important than â€Å"regular† people with homes. These incidents usually involve a younger man or teenager. Most of the homeless victims are also men of an older age. In the cases the homeless victim may beRead MoreEssay on Homelessness954 Words   |  4 Pages To many, the problem of homelessness is invisible or barely noticed. When these people do see the homeless it is found in the form of beggars who need to â€Å"pull themselves up by their bootstraps† or mentally ill people who â€Å"just cant help themselves†. In either case the central point remains; the homeless must be people who are incapable or unwilling to help themselves. After a ll, wouldnt they stop being homeless if they just tried? These sorts of rationalizations cover a more disturbing truth;Read MoreHomelessness vs. Houselessness815 Words   |  4 PagesThe working class people look at homeless people as a mass, a pack of individuals that the working class people label such a pack as the homeless, the same as characterizing who they are, nevertheless the working class people disregard the direction of silent remark to realize that homelessness may simply be houselessness part the people. People that have financial hardship and social handicaps typically are neglected as a result of their poverty situation addition to now being homeless living besideRead MoreSolutions for the Social Problem of Poverty in the United States907 Words   |  4 PagesSome people even want to include the ability to go on foreign holidays as people are deprived of something the majority up till quite recently could do. Unsurprisingly, it still widely exists and has been a co nsistent problem. No matter what the overall prosperity level is, there will always be millions of individuals who are homeless and/or hungry. Even today, there are still people struggling to find shelter and feed their families. This social problem has various impacts on different people. HoweverRead MoreThe Invisible, By Arloa Sutter979 Words   |  4 PagesIndianapolis, IN: Wesleyan Publishing House). This book is about how as Christians it is our job to go and help the poor. Sutter tells about her own personal journey of how she go to where she is now. She tells tales of some of the people who have been in the homeless shelter. These stories are touching and at times, really emotional. Sutter calls us to go and help the homeless. She gives us tips on getting closer to God and listening to his voice. She calls us to be more like Jesus, Sutter

Victor Frankenstein Or His Creature English Literature Essay Free Essays

Frankenstein besides known as the â€Å" Modern Prometheus † a celebrated Gothic novel, foremost published in 1818 by Mary Shelley, born august 30th 1797 and married at 16 to the well known poet: Percy Bysshe Shelley, who published the verse form ; â€Å" Prometheus † in July 1816. A The novel is set around the cultural and historical events that took topographic point during the late 18th and early nineteenth century. Shelley was reflecting on the alterations that she had experienced in her ain life. We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Frankenstein Or His Creature English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the clip Europe was traveling through great alteration: the industrial revolution, civil war, progresss in scientific discipline and doctrine ; a period known as the Romantic Movement. The fresh uses an embedded narrative manner ; it is narrated by three characters. A great adventurer Captain Robert Walton narrates the narrative through letters to his sister: Margaret Saville, who lives back in England. Victor Frankenstein a Swiss scientist who retells the events of his work, where he created a animal from lifeless organic structure parts and in conclusion, the animal, who so seeks retaliation from him after being abandoned and rejected by society. In this essay, I will be discoursing the different techniques that Shelley uses to construct up the reader ‘s understanding for the animal every bit good as understanding for Frankenstein. A Main Body: First, Shelley creates understanding for the animal throughout the fresh utilizing techniques such as linguistic communication, imagination and strategic repeat of the cardinal descriptions of its actions, which largely represent its agony. She shows the reader that the monster has good grounds to be pitied, by disregarding its offenses. A At the beginning of the 5th chapter, when the monster is being created Shelley describes the ambiance as â€Å" a drab dark † making understanding through the usage of â€Å" Hapless false belief † . This evokes different thoughts for the reader proposing that the animal may non be who Frankenstein is anticipating him to be. It is subsequently used in the 16th chapter to mirror the animal ‘s temper: â€Å" nature decayed around me and the Sun became heatless. â€Å" A Shelley uses metaphors: â€Å" conditions and Nature † to bode the coming events. The reader is made to believe that this is true, based on Frankenstein ‘s colored point of position: â€Å" I saw a dull yellow oculus of the animal unfastened † and â€Å" How can I depict my emotions at this calamity†¦ the wretch. Victor is so horrified at what he has created that he decides to run off from taking duty, he describes his work as a waste of â€Å" remainder † and â€Å" wellness † filled with such sorrows: â€Å" but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and dyspneic horror and disgust filled my bosom. † The usage of negative linguistic communication, gives an indicant to the reader that, the so called: â€Å" monster † is really really harmful and should be feared, but at the same clip creates sympathy for its Godhead as his dream has formed a incubus. A Additionally, in the ten percent chapter the reader is introduced to the character of the animal during its confrontation with Victor ; responding to the horror of what he has created he vilifies the monster stating: â€Å" Devil†¦ be gone despicable insect! Or instead stay, that I may tread you to dust! † A Here, although the reader can understand how Frankenstein feels, it is clear that his reaction is inappropriate ; after all he created the animal and should take duty for his actions. The animal bearing no maliciousness aforethought answers merely by saying: â€Å" I expected this response. † Deriving the readers sympathy through its presentation of composure, it shows that no affair how it has been treated by humanity it can still demo the better traits of humanity. A This is emphasised strongly in the undermentioned quotation mark: â€Å" All work forces hate the wretched ; how so, must I be hated, who am suffering beyond all living things! Yet you, my Godhead, detest and reject me, thy animal, to whom thou art edge by ties merely dissolvable by the obliteration of one of us. † Here the animal backs up his statement through the usage of authorization, demoing how confident he is and by saying: â€Å" You purpose to kill me. How daring you sport therefore with life? Make your responsibility towards me, and I will make mine towards you and the remainder of world. If you comply I will go forth them and you at peace ; but if you refuse, I will gorge the trap of decease, until it be satiated with the blood of your staying friends. † The animal is demoing the reader his intelligence by utilizing interesting but complex words: â€Å" oversupply † and â€Å" Maw † which besides creates understanding because it shows that has h ad to larn from his experiences as his Godhead ne’er bothered to learn him anything. Furthermore, understanding is created for the monster throughout chapters eleven to sixteen when the monster is re- stating his experiences to master. In these few chapters the reader gets an penetration of the enduring the animal has endured. The animal negotiations about being deserted by humanity, giving a glance of what has motivated his offenses: † I am an unfortunate and abandoned animal, I look around and I have no relation or friend upon Earth. These good-humored people to whom I go have ne’er seen me and cognize little of me. I am full of frights, for if I fail at that place, I am an castaway in the universe forever. â€Å" The usage of strong affectional linguistic communication emphasises the animal ‘s feelings, he longs to be accepted by humanity, but everyplace he goes no human being seems to understand him. The animal begins to gain this that humans do non understand him, so he turns to nature for comfort: â€Å" The desert mountains and drab glaciers are my safety†¦ these black skied I hail, for they are kinder to me than your fellow existences. If the battalion of world knew of my being, they would make as you do, and arm themselves to for my devastation. Shall I non so detest them who abhor me? I will maintain no footings with my enemies. I am suffering, and they shall portion my misery. † A Here the reader sees two sides to the monster, they start to see hate fury and choler which shows that the animal does hold feelings and has good grounds for perpetrating the offenses ; he has tried to derive society ‘s credence and has failed so the lone option in his point of position is to take â€Å" retaliation † . In chapter 13, the monster erupts with choler and self-pity, as he inquiries his being: â€Å" but where were my friends and dealingss? no male parent had watched my infant yearss, no female parent had blessed me with smilings and caresses. † The subjects of friendly relationship and loneliness represent the animals ‘ bosom desires making understanding ; he longs to be loved and accepted by his Godhead, like a female parent and male parent would make for their kid. In contrast to this, the animal seeks a comrade ; person that can understand and tie in with him: â€Å" ‘I am entirely and suffering: adult male will non tie in with me ; but one as deformed and atrocious as myself would non deny herself to me. My comrade must be of the same species and have the same defects. This being you must make. † Here the animal tries to maintain the peace between himself and Frankenstein by giving him an option between life and decease for both himself and his friends and household, demoing how considerate a being he is despite how Frankenstein has treated him. In chapter 20 four in Walton ‘s last missive, the recount of the monster ‘s words spoken over Victor ‘s organic structure: â€Å" I, the suffering and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. † Although this quotation mark may arouse the thought of abortion for the monster, who is unwanted and abandoned by his Godhead, it besides the issue that Frankenstein ‘s decease was most evidently caused by the animals pick of actions. The reader may get down inquiry: â€Å" did master deserve to decease this manner? † Additionally, the reader besides Sympathises the animal ‘s Godhead â€Å" master Frankenstein † Through the usage of powerful affectional linguistic communication such as: ‘parched with horror ‘ , ‘shuddering and torment ‘ , ‘anguish ‘ , ‘the agonising enduring that I endured ‘ , ‘my ravings aˆÂ ¦ were atrocious ‘ , ‘the monster by whom I was tormented ‘ and ‘screamed aloud with torment and terror’.A The reader begins to understand that Frankenstein ‘s looks of choler and hatred towards the monster are down to his experience of mental and physical unwellness. A In off, like â€Å" Prometheus † master stole the thought of creative activity from God and used it for his ain unadvised intents and is now get downing to endure the effects. In chapter five, after master has created the animal the reader sympathises on the fact that Frankenstein ‘s dream has now vanished before him: â€Å" For this I had deprived myself of remainder and wellness. I had desired it with an ardor that far exceeded moderateness ; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and dyspneic horror and disgust filled my bosom. † Victor starts to demo marks of hurt ; mentally and physically, he falls into unwellness directly after his creative activity, bespeaking to the reader that non merely has the state of affairs it destroyed his dream, but it has besides began to destruct his wellness. A Looking back at one of Walton ‘s letters: â€Å" two † , Mary foreshadows the state of affairs Walton is sing to that of Victor: â€Å" I have no friend, Margaret: when cubic decimeter am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there will be none to take part my joy ; if I am assailed by letdown, no 1 will endeavor to prolong me in dejection. † Associating the two together, the reader is made to sympathize with master, based on the fact that he pushed away all his friends and household to concentrate on his work. Still sing nil, but horror and letdown master narrates: A † Mingled with this horror, I felt the resentment of letdown ; dreamns that had been my nutrient and pleasant remainder for so long a infinite were now become a snake pit to me ; and the alteration was so rapid, the overthrow so complete! † the usage of strong negative feelings shows the reader how despairing Frankenstein feels about get awaying his letdowns ; he merely wants to bury everything but the disappointment supports stalking him. The animal ‘s statement adds on to his hurt: â€Å" Fix! Your labors merely begin. Wrap yourself in pelts and supply nutrient, for we shall shortly come in upon a journey where your agonies will fulfill my everlasting hatred. † A Sympathy is created in this quotation mark, as the animal is given a powerful speaking voice that shows that Frankenstein has no say in the state of affairs, he is being treated as a slave: A â€Å" Slave, I before reasoned with you, but you have proven yourself unworthy of my superciliousness. Remember that I have power ; you believe yourself suffering, but I can do you so wretched that the visible radiation of twenty-four hours will be hateful to you. You are my Godhead, but I am your maestro ; obey! † A The usage of linguistic communication, the repeat of words such as, â€Å" wretched † and â€Å" suffering † show the reader that the tabular arraies have now turned and Frankenstein is left with nil. Last, in chapter 10, Frankenstein is so overwhelmed by his experience that he begins to reflect on the state of affairs, by oppugning the intent of his life in the undermentioned citation: â€Å" We rest ; a dream has power to toxicant slumber. We rise ; one wand’ring idea pollutes the twenty-four hours. We feel, conceive or ground ; laugh or weep, Embrace fond suffering, or project our attentions off ; It is the same: for, be it joy or grieve, The way of its going still is free. Man ‘s yesterday may never be like his morrow ; Naught may digest but mutableness! † This last citation suggests to the reader that, Frankenstein ‘s beginning of doing himself experience better is to speak about his issues even though he knows it would n’t alter the fortunes he got himself into. Decision: In decision from what has been presented in this essay, it is rather clear that the writer has created a platform whereas understanding can be attributed to both characters ; Frankenstein and his animal. This is represented in Walton ‘s last missive, when he re-tells the animal ‘s words: â€Å" Still I desired love and family, and I was still spurned†¦ . the suffering and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. † And: â€Å" I have devoted my Godhead, the choice specimen of all that is worthy of love. † Her usage of composing techniques, such as affectional linguistic communication captures the reader ‘s bosom to sympathize with both characters, which makes the terminal of the narrative more interesting and thought provoking. Personally, although I can sympathize with each character, my paramount feelings thin towards the animal. This is because the animal had no pick in being given life and so be abandoned by his Godhead. How to cite Victor Frankenstein Or His Creature English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Cyndi Lauper - Sisters Of Avalon free essay sample

Cyndi Laupers newest album, Sisters of Avalon, has to be the greatest album Ive ever heard. From the dance hit You Dont Know to the groovy title cut, this album has it all. The songs range from tender ballads such as Fall Into Your Dreams and Fearless to harder pieces like Love to Hate. Sisters of Avalon also contains a host of funky dance grooves such as Ballad of Cleo and Joe, You Dont Know and the pulsating title cut. Cyndis dizzy voice is sounding better than ever these days, reaching lower notes and higher, tear-jerking pitches on Say a Prayer. She is accompanied by Bushs Nigel Pulsford on lead guitar on Love to Hate and You Dont Know. The lyrics are lush and the accompaniments are thick with electric guitars and synths along with acoustic strings. Sisters of Avalon is Cyndis best work since Girls Just Want To Have Fun. We will write a custom essay sample on Cyndi Lauper Sisters Of Avalon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I havent been able to stop listening to it. I highly recommend it to any music lover I promise youll love it

Thou still unravishd bride of quietness, Essays - Identifiers

Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, Cause/Effect: The passage gives human quality to the urn such as making the urn a "bride of quietness". However, as the "bride" is " unravish'd ", assumably , the urn is innocent and shy (quietness). Maybe the speaker alludes to the frozen picture of the urn? ( quietness ) Interpretation: If something is unravish'd and quiet, it means that the object obtains a lot of history in it. Thus, the urn is archaic object. Thou foster-child of silence and slow time, Cause/Effect: The urn is described as a "foster-child". It was grown by silence and slow time. Here, the author conveys an ancient ambience of the urn, making the urn mysterious due to "silence" (depiction of the urn) that the urn contains. If something is ancient, people needs to research more on the ancient object to find out what it is. Interpretation: The urn contains a lot of story by the look of the depictions on urn, however, the urn is frozen so it cannot tell us the story (silence) Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: Cause/Effect: The speaker admires the urn as if it is godlike. Its expression is more than how we could express something. Interpretation: The speaker is telling the surroundings in the depiction "sylvan historian". The depictions are so magnificent that the speaker doesn't know how to express its appearance. What leaf- fring'd legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? Cause/Effect: The speaker conveys a confused tone by establishing question marks at the end of the lines. The characters in the depictions acquires mysterious attributes. The poem gets intensive and the reader gets curious about the characters. Interpretation: The speaker is describing a specific part of a depiction, however, he is also confused and couldn't certain if the "legend" is a deity or mortal and its habitat. What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels ? What wild ecstasy? Cause/Effect: The speaker creates a wild and extreme tone to the poem. I don't know the effect here I think it is just describing the depiction? Interpretation: Men or gods are chasing the maidens. The maidens are "loth" which means reluctant. If men or gods are chasing reluctant women, it means that they are doing something wrong. However, there are songs playing and the scene is ecstatic. The women seemingly enjoys the chase. Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; Cause/Effect: The speaker is using comparison in these lines. He asserts that unheard melodies prevails heard melodies. Can unheard melodies even exist if melodies are sound yet it is unheard? Interpretation: Sometimes, imaginary sounds and object can be more pleasant to us. As an example, we imagine dating with a girl - which is common but for me, it is a wish that can hardly be accomplished . However, imagine dating a beautiful girl like celebrity or Jacinth ^_^ - an impossible wish but a delicate imagination experience. Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd , Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: Cause/Effect: The speaker elaborates on the preceding lines of the "Unheard melodies". However, the explanation is ambiguous because the speaker associates the "unheard melodies" to "spirit ditties of no tone". He also alludes to imaginary world, getting the clues from "spirit", "unheard", and "no tone". Nonetheless, how can "ditties" have "no tone"? Song with a no tone .. Interesting Interpretation: The speaker again alludes to the imaginary sound or world. The interpretation will be same as "unheard melodies". Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Cause/Effect: The speaker evokes the eternal nature of the urn. This description makes the urn beautiful - frozen in time but the depictions are admirable. Interpretation: Trees can never be bare .. Leaves aren't going to fall which means there is one season in the depiction which will never change - eternal nature of the urn Bold Lover, never, never canst

The Old Testament Belief in Life After Death Essays

The Old Testament Belief in Life After Death Essays The Old Testament Belief in Life After Death Essay The Old Testament Belief in Life After Death Essay Essay Topic: Bless Me Ultima Jaws Nashville Life and death, and much more, life-after-death constitute issues that we may never completely comprehend with our limited human intellect. The question of the possibility of an afterlife is one to which most religions have had to provide answers. Judaism, as a religion, at some point in its history had to confront this question. The aim of this essay then is to point out how the Israelites, as a religious people, came to answer this question of the possibility of an afterlife. We would notice as we progress in this essay that the ancient Jewish belief about an afterlife is one of progression from despair of survival after death to a reassuring hope of Yahweh’s justice and power to preserve the souls of the righteous from torment. The Israelite Conception of Life The concept of life that we find in the Old Testament is one that is strongly theistic. Life, first and foremost, for the Israelites of the Old Testament era, is to be understood as a gift of God. Life is God’s own creation. With the creation of the universe and all that lives in it came life. The Israelites, undoubtedly from their creation account, understood the universe as the work of God. If the universe and all that is contained in it, including man, is the work of God, then life is not something man has by virtue of himself, but something that is given him, namely a gift. The Israelites believed that man did not just begin to exist spontaneously. Man had an origin. This origin is to be located in Yahweh, the God of the Israelites. Man, as well as woman, is the creation of Yahweh. Thus, to be alive is to have been created by God. In as much as this exillic (or probably, post-exillic) creation account of the Israelites speaks of life as Yahweh’s handiwork, the Israelites, from their experiences, saw the ephemerality of this life. Hence the psalmist declares:Yahweh, what is human being for you to notice, a child of Adam for you to think about? Human life, a mere puff of wind, days as fleeting as a shadow. [NJB Psalm 144:3-4] It was in the consciousness of the Israelites that the only kind of life worth living is a life of fidelity to the one true God, Yahweh. As a convenanted people, they believed that the good life consisted in keeping he laws and precepts of Yahweh. Moses’ farewell message to his people sheds light on what the Israelites held to be the right attitude to life: obedience to the laws and precepts of Yahweh. To his people, Moses offered two options, namely life and prosperity on the one hand, death and disaster on the other hand. He enjoined his people to embrace life and prosperity by way faithfulness to Yahweh (NJB Deuteronomy 30: 15-20). Accordingly, the Israelite conception of life was shaped by their relational experience with Yahweh. The Attitude of the Israelites Towards Death Death is an inevitable end for man. The Israelites of the Old Testament period knew this much because of their experience over time with the phenomenon of death. In general, the Israelites see death as the normal term of life, hence, they only ask that they be allowed to live out their days in peace. But they elicited varied reactions to the phenomenon of death. Otto J. Baab has postulated that the common form of attitude towards death was that of indifference. He considers this manifest in the following instances, among others: the struggle between Jacob and his brother, Esau, for their dying father’s blessing without minding the fate of their dying father (Gen. 7); Moses’ defense for the established priestly order by a reaction of destruction, without sympathy or pity, against the 250 laymen that revolted against the priestly hierarchy (Numbers 16:30); and Cain’s remorseless attitude towards the death of his brother, Abel, whom he killed. The attitude of indifference here is that of blatant disre gard for what becomes of the victim of death, or better still, an attitude of life-goes-on with or without the deceased. Another form of attitude towards death was its acceptance with quiet confidence. The death of Abraham is presented in the Old Testament as one that came after a satisfying and fulfilled life (Genesis 25:7-8). Jacob and Moses are equally reported to have died at an advanced age. Joseph, at his ripe old age, knew his death was near and did not wish it away (Genesis 50:22-26). He evinced an humble acceptance of death. Yet, another form of attitude towards death is that of rejection, sadness and pain. Such sentiments are, in the Old Testament, rather connected with suspected early, sudden, and untimely death. Such kind of death is for the wise man a punishment for wickedness. We find in David’s grief and pain a typical Israelite rejection of sudden death. David went aground with sorrow, strict-fast and sack-clothing because he was opposed to the imminent death of the child he bore from his illicit affair with Bathsheba (II Samuel 12:16-25). Only in the book of Job do we find an unusual desire for death. Of course, his desire for death was precipitated by the bleakness and utter dismay he experienced in his moments of affliction, loss and desolation. In the midst of his misfortunes, Job wandered whether it was not better if he had died by still-birth or as soon as he left his mother’s womb (Job 3:11). Put differently, he thought he was better off dead than alive to live miserably with no hopes like a dead man. It may be insightful to take another look at the attitude of David towards the death of the child he begot with Bathsheba. David’s mood changed immediately he realized that the child for whose sake he had grieved and kept fast had died. His reply when asked by his retinue about his changed mood, â€Å"But now that he is dead, why should I fast? Can I bring him back again? I shall go to him but he cannot come back to me,† (II Samuel 12:22) bespeaks of a belief in a place of reposition for the dead. For the Israelites of the David’s time, the abode of the dead is sheol. The Israelites would usually locate sheol in the depths, a place of shadowy existence. Thus, it is variously described as the â€Å"depths of the underworld†(Proverbs 9:18), and the â€Å"depths of the earth† (Psalm 63:10). It is believed that sheol accepts all, kings and beggars, masters and slaves, old and young, innocent and evil doers, without distinction. It is a place, which once descended into, no one returns to earthly existence (Job 7:9-10). Its victims are kept in it pitilessly (Song of songs 8:6) and none can see the light forever (II Samuel 12:23). The Question of the Belief in Afterlife in Old Testament Thought With regard to the idea of an afterlife, ancient Israel, biblical scholars have opined, was much closer to the beliefs of Mesopotamia and Canaan than it was to the beliefs of Egypt. The Egyptian idea of an afterlife conceives of survival after death as a two-dimensional continuation of earthly human existence and not as a genuinely new and different state. For the Egyptians, the joys of the world beyond the grave are the carnal joys of normal experience. People could share in the life of the gods, but only in a purely human way. The Egyptian afterlife is thus a thoroughly secularized world. In contrast to the Egyptian belief in an afterlife is the Mesopotamian belief that there is just no hope of survival after death. For the people of Mesopotamia, the world of the dead is a vast tomb where the bodies of the dead lie inert or are no more than semi-conscious at best. Death in Mesopotamia was usually greeted with deep pessimism. It was believed that to the gods alone belonged life. It is man’s lot to die, and after death, no hope of survival because the gods do not deign it fitting that man should share in their immortality. In fact, they believed that life was meant to be enjoyed with all the pleasures that may come with it and more since there can be no sure pleasure beyond death. The Israelite attitude toward the possibility of life after death shows no appreciable difference from Mesopotamian belief. Scholars would generally hold that this belief in no hope of survival after death was expressed in the Old Testament before some of its latest passages, which were probably written in the 2d Century BC. The Israelite belief that there can be no hope of survival after death may be understood from their conception of human nature. For the Israelites, the constitution of the human person does not contain in it any principle of survival. Neither the â€Å"soul† nor â€Å"spirit† survives death. Since they believed that the soul cannot exist independently, it then means that the Israelites of antiquity understood the human person as a unity that cannot be bifurcated radically into a body and soul with the possibility of individual existence. The implication of this anthropology is that, when a human person dies, it is the whole person that dies. No part of the deceased survives. Death, thus, becomes an absolute end; and this precisely is the view of death over wide stretches of the Old Testament, especially in the earlier period of Israel’s history. As much as it could be said that the ancient Israelite conception of human nature does not support a distinction, as is often made today, between the body that perishes and the soul that survives bodily death; just as much as the very idea of sheol seems no different from the ancient Mesopotamian conception of Arallu, the world of the dead, a place where the dead lie hopelessly inert, there is some modification that could be made with regard to the ancient Israelite conception of a possible afterlife. In order words, there is reason to belief that the Israelite pessimism of non-survival at the face of death underwent a further development. There are certain passages in the Old testament that seem to suggest a latter Israelite inclination towards a belief in survival after death. The development of the idea of an afterlife probably gained a strong impetus from the emphasis prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel began to place, at their time, upon the fate of the individual rather than the whole people. From the period of the exile onwards, it gradually came to the Israelite consciousness that the good or evil life of each person mattered before God. This led to reflections on the question of what happens to the good man who dies without recognition or blessings in this life. Would such a person be destined to the same faith as the wicked? The faintest hope of this survival may be seen expressed in Psalms 49 and 73 which reflect about the futility of wealth and the triumph of justice respectively. In both instances, the psalmist points out the universality of death, yet we see in each a ray of hope for the preservation of the righteous. The righteous, though mortal by their human nature, cannot come to the same end as the wicked, otherwise the exhortation to be righteous is needless and unrewarding. Psalm 49 speaks of Yahweh ransoming the souls of the honest and righteous from the clutches of sheol to which the wicked and avaricious are held bound (Psalm 49:1). The idea of preservation from the jaws of sheol that the psalmist speaks of can scarcely mean that the righteous will not experience death. This conclusion has already been precluded by the admission that death comes both to the righteous and to the wicked. With regard to Yahweh’s preservation of the souls of the righteous, the psalmist apparently strikes upon communion with Yahweh, the experience of happiness, and not dejection, that comes from having lived well on earth. The psalmist came upon this conclusion from the premise that Yahweh must have some way in which communion with him can be preserved for those who are faithful to him; otherwise there would ultimately be no difference between righteousness and wickedness. But this idea was not fully developed here, partly because of the ancient Israelite conception of human nature and human life, which knows of no principle that could survive death. When the hope for survival after death came be to expressed, the only possible form that it could take in the Israelite thought was the resurrection of the body. The first clear expression of this hope of resurrection took place in the Maccabean period of persecution and martyrdom with these words: Of those who are sleeping in the Land of Dust, many will awaken, some to everlasting life, some to shame and everlasting disgrace. Those who are wise will shine as brightly as the expanse of the heavens, and those who have instructed many in uprightness, as bright as stars for all eternity [NJB Daniel 12:2-3]. Still another expression of this belief in life after death is found in the Book of Wisdom probably written in Alexandria in the first Century BC:But the souls of the upright are in the hands of God, and no torment can touch them. To the unenlightened, they appeared to die, their departure was regarded as a disaster, their leaving us like an annihilation; but they are at peace. If, as it seemed to us, they suffered punishment, their hope was rich in immortality; slight was their correction, great will their blessings be [NJB Wisdom 3:1-4]. The history of the development of this Israelite idea of resurrection in not completely clear. Nevertheless, it could not have been an idea that evolved out of nothing. A good number of Old Testament scholars think it is very probable that this change in the Israelite conception of afterlife is not without Persian and Greek influences. Perhaps, what we find quoted above from the Book of Wisdom proves a decisive Greek influence in the Israelite ormation of the conception of the immortality of the human spirit. This belief saw a greater appreciation in later Judaism and, subsequently, in Christianity. Conclusion The life man has was given him by God at creation. However, man’s life on earth as a matter known from experience has to terminate at some point. Death ends its all for the Israelites of antiquity. Death does not discriminate against the wealthy or poor; nor does it discriminate against the upright or wicked. It affects all and sundry. The Israelite knew this much to be true of death. Initially, they believed death was an absolute end and that the dead are consigned to a place where they are forever inert, namely sheol. However, this view had to undergo modifications over time, partly due to probable Persian and Greek influences, and partly due to a better understanding of Yahweh’s justice. Thus, the Israelites of old were led to understand that there is another life beyond death. Christians today can boast of a robust belief in a flourishing life after death because it has become a heritage revealed through the person of Christ, the only Son of God. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baab, J. Otto. The Theology of the Old Testament. New York: Abingdon Press, 1949. Boadt, Lawrence. Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. New York: Paulist Press, 1984. Heinisch, Paul. Theology of the Old Testament. Minnesota: The North Central Publishing Company, 1955. McKenzie, L. John. â€Å"Aspects of Old Testament Thought,† The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Edited by Raymond Brown et al. New Delhi: Indira Printers, 2007, pp. 1284-1315 Rad, Von Gerhard. God at Work in Israel. Translated by John H. Marks. Nashville: Parthenon Press, 1980.

Quality in customer focussed operations Assignment

Quality in customer focussed operations - Assignment Example Its cost control techniques, details of operational process and incessant product development, along with the corporate attributes, have aided the company to maintain a lower price for customers. During the period of global expansion, it has lowered price of products on an average of 2%-3%. As of January 2014, the company owns around 349 stores across 43 countries. It has been recorded that the company had sold products, amounting to $23.1 billion, in 2010. It is identified that sales of the company has increased by 7.7% from the previous year. The company website displays over 12,000 products to customers, along with clear pictures of IKEA range of products, in order for the latter to gain interest in the company products. The number of visitors, who visit IKEA’s website every day, has been recorded to about 470 million in 2013. It has been identified that in 2013, IKEA has been the largest user of wood, as the company has been noted to use about 1% of the total wood availabl e on the earth. IKEA concentrates on selling wide range of products. The company sells nearly everything, which are required for furnishing a home, including furniture, plants, toys, kitchens and many more. The products, which are provided by them, have unique styles and the function of good quality and style is complimenting products to become most attractive and satisfy customers need. The company accepts the challenge of producing products at a lower price. Any company can make higher quality products at a high price, but IKEA provides its customers with the best quality, along with the lowest price possible, on the product. To provide high quality products at low prices, the company has undertaken cost effective and innovative techniques, which have made them strong enough to rule the retail market with confidence. The whole production process has been reviewed by designers, which has brought in new packing methods and such, thereby reducing cost of manufacturing. The

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS Essay

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS - Essay Example Cloud computing can be stated as a model for facilitating on-demand, convenient and ubiquitous access to shared pool of computing and configurable resources. This resource sharing platform helps in achieving economies of scale and coherence. The concept of cloud computing is based on a broader aspect of shared services and converged infrastructure. Cloud resources are also dynamically reallocated along with being accessed by multiple users. The entire approach of cloud computing has shifted focus towards OPEX model from basic infrastructure of CAPEX model. This study would reflect upon one of the cloud computing services, known as IAAS. Infrastructure as a service or IAAS is a basic cloud service platform. This mainly refers to online services which abstract user from data partitioning. There are some additional resources offered by IAAS clouds such as raw block storage, firewalls, disk-image library, load balancers, virtual local area networks, software bundles and object storage. W indows Server is a known technology or application based on the concept of IAAS. It is a brand name given to bundle of server operating systems, which are launched by Microsoft. The first server edition was named as Windows NT 3.1; however, there have been advancements in developing Windows Server. This study shall analyse key vulnerabilities witnessed by Windows Server and mitigation strategies implemented over the years. There are some general approaches too that can safeguard the system from external threats.

Apple Inc. Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Inc. Analysis - Case Study Example employs to run its shows in the electronic consumer market (Thompson, Strickland & Gamble, 2011). Also, the paper will determine the various strategic elements of Apple’s competitive and product differentiation in the market place. Further, the paper will examine the competitive strength and thereby provide indications as to why Apple Inc. is a stable competitor. Moreover, the paper will assess the financial performance of Apple Inc. and provide recommendations aimed at strengthening Apple’s market position going forward. Elements of Competitive Strategy As a major developer, Apple Inc. develops, manufactures and markets personal computers and the supporting and/or related products. These product packages are directed basically to business entities and their owners, creative industry and the general consumer markets (Marino, Hattaway & Jackson, 2011). In addition, Apple Inc also provides the consumers of electronic products with the supporting utility languages, operati ng systems, the necessary developer tools and the needful software databases. Therefore, according to Lashinsky (2009), Apple Inc. is the only company that designs and owns the whole widget comprising of the hardware components, software components and the driving operating system components, which in togetherness serve the varied needs of their customers accordingly (Lashinsky, 2009). In the forefront to motivate Apple Inc. is the able hand and mind of the top notch executives in the overall realm of electronic product consumption market, which form the nucleus of the executive officer’s brain trust and thereby drive the operational excellence that is needed in order to sustain the growing number of the loyal customer base that the company currently prides of (Lashinksy, 2009). Additionally, Apple Inc. has a broad wealth of software and engineering skills that enables the company to develop evolving elements as per the demands of the market as well as the global influence of the products that it specializes in (Marino, Hattaway & Jackson, 2011). In order for any consumer to fully consume and enjoy the use of products in the personal computers in specific and the electronic market products in general, he/she must be able to access the three distinctive product components that Apple Inc. has prioritized; software, hardware and the operating systems. Therefore, it is evident that the various elements of Apple’s competitive strategy work in togetherness to maximize the value that the consumer accrues. This implies that the company’s product element pieces purposefully fit together to provide the necessary millage in terms of competitive capability in the market. Further, the fact the Apple has initiated and executive strategic decisions to sign agreements with other major players in the market enables it to fully exploit the generic strategic form provisions and thus develop products that the consumers consider highly innovative since they pr ovide advancements and/or complements the other products in the market (Marino, Hattaway & Jackson, 2011). Elements of Apples product strategy Personal computers Apple Inc. designed and distributed personal computer product line that enabled it to assemble the various product components together to enable the compatibility with the peripheral

Tunisias Medical Tourism Sector

Tunisias Medical Tourism Sector The map of the world is in phase of being redrawn, according to the surgical specialties and the fields of intervention: plastic surgery, eyes and dental in Tunisia, treatment of the skin diseases in Turkey, organ transplant, in particular renal and transplant of the liver in Thailand, surgery of eyelids in the Panama, the in vitro fertilization in Spain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The competition begins to rage among destinations which invest in infrastructures, regulations and communication. All demand a part of a very juicy cake. Professionals of health and tourism, as well as all the strategic studies agree with considering the potential of this new crenel as enormous. Tourism, the transverse character of which in all other activities be it economic, ecological, agricultural, cultural, social etc, cannot make any more the dead end on the principles governing its own development and has to show in the next years of innovation and imagination to answer a request which has become increasing. For Africa generally and Tunisia in particular, tourism constitutes a crucial control lever to contribute to impulse the development. In Tunisia the quality of training in health and in tourism as well as its adjacent broadcasting countries can establish a competitive advantage at the level of medical tourism. Being a growing niche these last years, medical tourism in Tunisia is widely becoming within the reach of potential applicants. Strong of its entry to the zone of the free exchange with Europe at the beginning of this year, Tunisia is positioned as a partner of choice. A wide program is established to make of the country a pole of quality and future in terms of export of health services. However this commitment is conditioned by the integration and the raising awareness of the various stakeholders in such adequate steps.It is of this fact that most of the persons in charge and the actors operating in the tourist sector have to meet around a real consensus on the concept of medical tourism, and launch the challenge in front of an open to criticism present and a more or less desirable and optimistic future. The various stakeholders of the Tunisian tourist system establish then a relevant space of reflections and exchanges towards the development of medical tourism, these are main thin gs of concern by the optimal management, the health, the integration of the population, the promotion, the competitiveness, the quality and the durability and this can raise only decisions and fixed approaches collectively on the basis of the forward-looking reflections generating the best scenarios which can lead to improve medical tourism in Tunisia. Even if the concept of medical tourism was not as well important as it is it today, the current situation allowed to report the necessity of better promoting it and of organizing it to reach the objectives assigned by the project of development of the tourist sector and that of the health, and so we are engaged in this research work which concerns at the same time, the present and the future to explain and understand the realities which allow to support the potential evolutions to reach a sustainable development. This work tries to emphasize a solution of the dilemma to maintain the development and the decision-making support by analyzing the change of the attitudes of the stakeholders implied in the tourist system and that of the health in Tunisia. 1. Current status of tourism sector in Tunisia and Methodology 1.1. Tourism in Tunisia: inventories of fixtures The tourist sector plays a leading role in the economic development of Tunisia, considering its important contribution for the growth of the Gross domestic product (In 2009 it contributed to 7 % of the GDP  [1]  (Gross Domestic Product) and 20 % of receipts in currencies, in the equilibrium of the balance of payments, in the polarization of any kinds of the investments, besides the job creation and the energization of the economic activity generally. This sector knows a continuous development and carried out a qualitative jump at every level, thanks to the multiple assets which the Tunisian tourist product has and which make of Tunisia a privileged tourist destination. The geographical setting of Tunisia, which opens on two banks of the Mediterranean Sea, the wealth and the variety of its cultural and natural heritage and its profound acquired experience on tourism, have made of our country a general-purpose tourist destination. The development which the tourist sector has known in Tunisia is reflected through the increasing rise of the number of the tourists who reached approximately 7 million tourists in 2008, (+ 4.4 % with regard to 2007)  [2]  . Within the framework of the IXth plan, the strategic orientations turned around four axes: The diversification and the enrichment of the tourist product and the location on the promising markets; The improvement of the quality of the services; The upgrade of the infrastructure and the maintenance of the tourist environment; The consolidation of the role of the private sector in the tourism. 1.2. Medical tourism in Tunisia: Tunisia made a commitment in the continuous improvement and development of the strategic sectors to be known; the education, the health and the tourism. Indeed the health and the services which are connected to it are considered as a promising crenel and an important engine of the economic and social development. For some years Tunisia lives a dynamics of growth in this domain which smoothed it among leader countries on an international scale. So much so, it occupies the second position in the field of the tourism of health after South Africa according to the African scale and the second world destination in thalassotherapy after France. In the light of the study carried out by the French Agency of development (AFD) in 2005 on the exports of health services of developing countries, we notice that Tunisia is very competitive on the subject. The study has henceforth highlighted a strong potential in the field of medical tourism which can have more questionable performances in the future. The recent study of the World Bank on the world integration of Tunisia: a new generation of reforms for boosting growth and employment on 2008, confirms this performance by identifying medical tourism as one of the emergent crenellations. In fact not enough reliable and detailed statistics exist on the subject. The statistics which exist show that in 2007 more than 100000 foreign patients of diverse nationalities visit Tunisia for health care against 42000 in 2003 number of well-kept Tunisians abroad is crossed the 1.152 in 1987 to reach 180 persons in 2006. 24 % of the turnover of the private hospitals deprived results from the export of health services with foreign patients. The Libyan clientele is dominant, that is 80 % of the well-kept foreign patients, whereas the European patients constitute 11 % as well in number as in turnover. This European demand can be the object of a remarkable development in the years which come with the ageing of the population in Europe and the mobilization of the tourists with the aim of treatment, care or other similar services. The most mobile of them are the Italians (68 %) and the Germans (63 %). The exploration of the market of medical tourism brings to light four big demands for Tunisia, as such: The inter-Arabic and the mediterrean market: the importance and the regularity of the flows of Arabic patients coming from nearby countries particularly Libya drove numerous clinical Tunisian to organize an offer of services specialized for this clientele. The qualitative advantage of Tunisia could be widened in the other local markets, in particular Algeria, which constitutes approximately 3 % in foreign number of patients and in figure of business exported of private hospitals deprived. Also, the other adjacent African markets present a potential which begins to be exploited. Henceforth, some private hospitals of Tunisia signed agreements with Mauritanian institutions. The presence of the African Development Bank also contributes to improve the fame of the private hospitals Tunisians and to attract a new African clientele. A niche to develop the tourists and the European expatriates: the market of the care to the European tourists is difficult to estimate. Indeed, the number of patients in private hospitals seems very low compared with the flow of 2,8 million European tourists. Nevertheless, the medical tourism of the European represents a strategic stake for the improvement of the medical and technical level and for the fame and the reputation on the international plan. It also constitutes an important factor for the development of the paramedical tourism and the well-being, such as thalassotherapy, massages, etc. This method implies that the researcher case-studies his data. The work of analysis is made as one goes along, important parts of this analysis matching the data collection (HOURS Becker, 1958 quoted by [Aktouf1992], p197). Now, it is not the approach which we followed because we became a researcher on a well-determined subject (the project of development of the medical tourism in Tunisia). Nevertheless, we shall use the techniques of the participating observation namely: the daily observation accompanied with notes taking, with collection of archives and with retrieval systems (Fortin1988). The participation entails inevitably relations of nearness, even an intimacy with the actors of a given ground. The observation constitutes in its part a natural activity of every participant. But in its most rigorous academic meaning of a word, it is supposed to lean on a remote stake objectivized by these same human relations. 3.2. The active and semi-directive with no leading questions interview: This technique could be interesting for the implication of the researcher which it proposes. According to Alex Mucchielli  [3]  : the maintenance is opened and centered, it rests not on the reactions of the interviewee to precise questions but on the expression free of its ideas on a given subject (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) .In this technique, the interviewer does not ask questions but contents with following the progress of the thought of his interlocutor. He presents syntheses regularly, but he is active at most. 3.3. The Mactor Method: crucial control lever of the strategic prospective. The theory of actors games supplies a set of tools of rather vast analysis but to the applications limited by the mathematical constraints and the often restrictive hypotheses. The method MACTOR (Method of Actors, Tactics Objectives and Recommendations) propose an approach of analysis of the game set of the actors and some simple tools which allow to take into account the wealth and the complexity of the information to be treated, by supplying the analyst with the intermediate results which enlighten him on certain dimensions of the problem.

A Clockwork Orange Essay: Blindness in A Clockwork Orange

Blindness in A Clockwork Orange In the novel, A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess has tried to show the importance of individual freedom over doing the right thing. He has taken an extreme example of violence and perverse acts to accent his strong belief. It is my opinion that Burgess has been blinded to some essential truths in his quest to ensure personal freedom. Personal freedom can be described as acting upon your own accord and not becoming restricted by the social paradigm in which you live. This is definitely a noble cause, all men should have the right to choose the path of their own lives. You may have the right to choose your own actions, but you are not allowed to impose your freedom on others. This is the point at which Burgess’ supposed view becomes hypocritical. Alex has forced himself into the personal freedom of others and in doing so is no better than the state which rehabilitated him. If one imposes himself on the personal freedom of another violently, a reaction will occur. If a rabid dog wanders around your neighborhood, do you let it continue to do so? The dog as you once knew it was an affectionate creature always playing with the children and never once threatened the mailman, but today it threatens the lives of everyone in your community. The dog’s life is ended and it is freed from it’s disease. Alex is sick much like a rabid dog, he is perverse and though it may not be his fault, much like it was not the dog’s fault of becoming rabid, his threat on others has to be neutralized. I question the actual freedom Alex believes he has. He seems to be oppressed by his emotional sickness and perverseness. Alex is a slave to his supposed freedom, which is dictated by the feelings of the other people whos... ...y of the 1940’s. The fact that the book was taken from a juvenile point of view, which whether we like it or not is associated with naivetà © and innocence, also downplayed the violent acts which were occurring. In the movie it is not as easy to identify with Alex, due to the fact that he is portrayed as an adult. I then took notice of the parallel to this â€Å"power of propaganda† theme, which was illustrated through out section two. Alex is given the Reclamation Treatment, the use of propaganda films and drugs for reflex conditioning, which addresses fears of brain washing evident in that era. For me this is a much stronger theme than the freedom of choice one, which I addressed earlier in the essay. I am not certain exactly what Burgess was trying to show with this book, all I know is that it revealed to me what propaganda can accomplish if it is done correctly.

kingdom of matthias Essay

Starting in the early 1600’s English settlers began migrating to the Americas in search for liberty and the right to govern themselves in what they deemed a Christian manner. Thomas Morton, was one of the first to write about the Indians of New England. He condemned their religious beliefs claiming it was similar to devil like worship. (VOF,4) The Native Americans were seen to be living a much happier life even without religion, law and a king. This daunted Christian and they did not understand how this could be. It’s written that they claim their prosperity was full of evil and they would lead a happier life once bought to Christianity.(VOF,6) I feel this is the last America sees of true religious freedom. In reality, religious liberty existed in very few parts of the Atlantic world in during this time period. Most nations outlawed religious groups that rulers deems dangerous or disruptive. Among all the colonies, one that demonstrated religious freedom in a higher sen se would be Maryland. Cecilius Calvert was a Catholic who wished to demonstrate that Protestants and Catholics could live in peace, something that was not seen in Europe. In 1649 Maryland established an Act Concerning Religion, which introduced religious tolerance, saying that anyone who troubled a Christian due to their religion would be punished.(VOF,27) I feel this allowed others to safely demonstrate â€Å"religious freedom†, but this is just one state among the colonies. During this time it was rare to have this type of true freedom. Like many settlers, the puritans came to American in search of liberty, and to govern themselves in what they deemed a Christian manner.(VOF,29) This is where Religious freedom loses the sense of freedom, because the puritans created their own definition of the word freedom. John Winthrop explains that freedom to them meant obedience to God’s laws and the law of rulers such as himself.(VOF,29-30) Basically you can see that they are imposing their moral stan dards on society as a whole, denying anyone other than themselves of true religious freedom. Unlike what Maryland was trying to implement, this colony believed in follow their religion, or be punished, much like a wide array of colonies. A prime example of this would be the trial of Anne Hutchison in 1637. Hutchison was accused of expressing opinions that did not match up to those in authority.(VOF,33) The trial gives examples of how if you stray against what the government deems Gods word, then you would be punished. Hutchison argues that she is reciting what she believes God told  her is his word, and Governor John Winthrop, one of her accusers, argues that this is another religion and its punishable. (VOF,35-39) Because Hutchison followed her own beliefs she is banished from their society, clearly being stripped of her natural right of religious freedom. Based on examples like this, what religious freedom really meant was, â€Å"do as I say or be punished†. You can see this start to shift as time goes on, you can see people start to realize the damage this is putting on society and settlers, such as Roger Williams, begin to branch out and start new movement. Williams founded Providence, Rhode Island, and then came to publish a letter claiming that no one should be forced to follow any particular religious belief, but they should still obey the government in charge of civil matters. (VOF,40) This is what religious freedom should have been from the beginning.

Secret Service Protection For Presidential Candidates

Secret Service Protection For Presidential Candidates Most presidential candidates are entitled to receive Secret Service protection from the federal law enforcement agency that also provides security to all U.S. presidents and vice presidents and their families. Serious presidential candidates begin receiving Secret Service protection during the primary campaigns and continue to get coverage through the fall election if they become the nominee. Secret service protection for presidential candidates is provided for in federal law. Here are answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about Secret Service protection for candidates. Which Presidential Candidates Get Secret Service Protection The Secret Service protects only major presidential candidates and only those who request coverage. The secretary of Homeland Security determines which presidential candidates are considered major after consultation with an advisory committee, according to the agency. Major presidential candidates can decline Secret Service Protection. WhoDecides Which Candidates Get Secret Service Protection The Homeland Security director makes his determination on which candidates get Secret Service protection in consultation with an advisory panel that includes the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives; the House minority whip; the Senate majority and minority leaders; and an additional member chosen by the committee itself. Criteria for Providing Secret Service Protection Major candidates are those that have considerable prominence among the public and have raised substantial money for their presidential campaigns. Specifically, primary candidates become eligible for Secret Service protection, according to the Congressional Research Service, if they: Are publicly declared candidates.Are actively campaigning nationally and are contesting at least 10 state primaries.Are pursuing the nomination of a qualified party, one whose presidential candidate received at least 10 percent of the popular vote in the prior election.Are qualified for public matching funds of at least $100,000, and have raised at least $10 million in additional contributions.Have received by April 1 of the election year an average of 5 percent in individual candidate preferences in the most recent national opinion polls by ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN, or have received at least 10 percent of the votes cast for all candidates in two same-day or consecutive primaries or caucuses. WhenPresidential Candidates Get Secret Service Protection Presidential and vice presidential nominees and their spouses are to receive Secret Service protection within 120 days of a general presidential election. In modern history, however, major candidates receive Secret Service protection well before that time, usually early in the primary campaigns in the late winter and early spring. Not every presidential candidate wants Secret Service protection, though. Ron Paul, 2012 Republican presidential hopeful popular among libertarians, declined Secret Service protection. The Texas congressman described Secret Service protection as a form of welfare. You know, you’re having the taxpayers pay to take care of somebody. I’m an ordinary citizen. I would think I should pay for my own protection. And it costs, I think, more than $50,000 a day to protect those individuals. That’s a lot of money, Paul said. Cost of Secret Service Protection The cost of providing Secret Service protection to presidential candidates exceeds $200 million. The costs have risen dramatically as the field of candidates has grown larger. The cost of providing Secret Service protection for candidates in the 2000 election was about $54 million. It rose to $74 million in 2004, $112 million in 2008, $125 million in 2012 and about $204 million in 2016.   Secret Service protection costs taxpayers about $38,000 a day per candidate, according to published reports. Secret Service Protection History Congress passed a law authorizing Secret Service protection for presidential candidates for the first time following the 1968 assassination of U.S. Sen. Robert Kennedy, who was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination.

An Analysis of the chess board scene in the Harry Potter video Essays

An Analysis of the chess board scene in the Harry Potter video Essays An Analysis of the chess board scene in the Harry Potter video Paper An Analysis of the chess board scene in the Harry Potter video Paper For my essay I have decided to analyse the chess board scene in the Harry Potter video and compare it with the book, paying a special attention towards the social and media significance, the technical features and appeals to the audience, furthermore the pattern and details of language presentation. The social significance in the Harry Potter video is that its go a universal appeal, it appeals to everyone both children and adults. The reason for that being is that there are a whole variety of accents in the video, which is what brought a wider audience in being fans of Harry Potter. The language is much more simplified in the video, which would make it easier for younger viewers to understand. Ron has a cockney Londoners accents, Harry with a standard well-spoken English. Hermiones viewers however would be the posh snobby people as her accent and manner shows it. Hagrid the half-giant man that has delivered Harry to the Dursley family when he was a baby has an up-north accent. Dumbledore the head master has a Scottish accent. The other social significance is that the storyline contains a moral issue with a slight adversity between normality and magic, which would appeal to the older viewers as good overcomes evil. And also as the video is visual its more successful than the book as you can see everything more clearly with a lot of excitement being added to. The media significance of making Harry Potter into a movie was that it has achieved attracting more audience throughout, as it was a best seller. It has also taken more money than any other film in the first week. The way the media has achieved this is by putting a lot of extras in the film such as building up the storyline, making it more enjoyable. They did this is by using a lot of special effects to make it as believable as possible, which makes the movie more exciting. The start of this scene in the book it says that is very much dark they couldnt see at all. This has being exaggerated a little bit as in the video as dark as it might be, they in fact could tell what it was as they identified the chess board pretty much straight after Harry, Hermione and Ron entered the room. The video uses the music and the camera angles to show feeling, whereas the book just says it through writing; Ron, Hermione and Harry shivered slightly, This is how J. K Rowling describes feeling, which is not as exiting. And also in the book is so much shorter in the chess scene than in the video, and is not as violent. And yet the film is being given a PG it could get quite horrendous for little ones in this scene as it so violent. The video starts with a very mysterious music with a lot of banging effects. The language is very much simplified for example when Harry checkmates the king in the end, in the book he doesnt shout out checkmate he just moves a step forward. A lot of changes has being made in the video, because is visual and therefore the music, camera angles, costumes has all got to link in order to make the details and pattern presentation perfect. This would make it more dramatic to create the climax For example the costume is very casual in this scene Harry is wearing a red t-shirt and jeans Ron the same jeans and t-shirt, and Hermione with a little skirt with a simple top. The red t-shirt Harry is wearing for example symbolises war and blood. However when the chessboard is first seen the music gets louder in a sort of crescendo with a battle vibe background, the music increases its loudness to create a sense of excitement, and at the same time it gets brighter. The set of swords that stop them leaving the room as the walk on to get across the room symbolises war, but this little scene doesnt get mentioned in the book. For ones throughout the book and the film this scene is Rons moments of glory as he takes charge. And is the reason why the camera angles gets closer to Rons face each time hes giving out instructions to show facial expression, which makes it dramatic as you see how brave he is as scare as he might be. The scenery at the same time is very much bright as all the background in the chessboard is lit with fire. There is a great sense of enormous power as the chess moves; a sound effect of grated stones is being used to make it sound huge, as it looks it too. The drumbeats sound effects make it sound scary and yet again symbolises war. The pieces get animated it becomes alive with a similar human movements. As the game goes on the media cuts it down bit by bit to create suspense, and fasten up the scene. All these changes that has being made to the video made it more successful and more enjoyable at the same time created by lots of sound effects, and whole variety of special effects to create the movements of large creatures such as the trolls. And at the end when Ron realises what must be done, he sacrifices himself in order to help his friend. In the book is not as sad as in the film, because the music slows down as Ron says the queen will take me, and that leaves you to checkmate the king Harry. In this bit Hermione seems like shes crying and says No in a very dramatic way that it makes you feel sad. The reason for that is the music makes it sound more dramatic with its sound effects in way that would be impossible for a book to offer. The lighting at that point changes into a more subtle clear light, aiming specially towards Ron to show what hes expression are like. And as he orders the Night to make hes move in the book it says she struck Ron hard around the head her stone in the head and he crashed to the floor. However in the video the queen doesnt struck Ron on the head but he does crash on the floor. There is a slight similarity between the book and the video, but with a lot of changes made such as not saying the exact words in the book, but simplifying the language a whole lot more. Furthermore as there is so much in the book, the produces cuts down certain scenes, for it would go a whole lot longer. The troll and the potion scenes that was supposed to be straight after the chess scene is not in the video, as the video goes straight to where the mirror was. The reason for that is that the film would go a whole lot longer if it wasnt for the scenes to be shortened out.

Family sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Family sociology - Essay Example Sociological theories and concepts help in providing a concrete base for this understanding of the role of family life in society. Moreover, analyzing different aspects of family life using different perspectives of sociological themes and concepts help in better understanding of the concept of family ideology and its structural changes in the current society. Even though contemporary society has seen many social changes in the aspect of family ideologies and its contributions to the society, it still occupies a central role in the lives of individuals. Thus, studying the role of family from the sociological perspective can provide an insight about how a family functions within a society, and helps influencing the lives of the individuals in promoting socialization, economic contribution and cooperation. According to Anthony Giddins (2006), family is defined as a group of persons who are linked directly through blood relationships or marriage, with the adult members assuming responsibility for children and family care. By this definition, family is regarded as a social institution and also the central unit of socialization, which shares values and commitments towards one another. Of all the social institutions, marriage plays a fundamental and vital role in creating a society. Marriage is bound to have preceded society; and made it possible by binding together. It is considered to be the basis of social order and improvement, along with providing the chief support of law, morality, and religion. (Booth, Crouter and Landale 2002, p.48). The extended family was a most common family structure; however, it started to decline because of many social and economic factors. Typically, in the 1940s and 1950s, a traditional family structure comprised of a man and woman along with their one or more offspring, and was widespread in the society as an

Shame by Dick Gregory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shame by Dick Gregory - Essay Example Richard feels inferior to Helene Tucker. He is afraid of even coming close to her and keeps a distance whenever he wants to greet her. He even has to clean his hand before greeting her. The narrator feels fabulous in white clothes. Richard Gregory is in love with Helene Tucker. He proves all this by the fact that he had to clean his school uniform daily, and water was scarce. He even goes to school just to see her. He denied his poor status just to be equal to Helene rich class. He obtained a ladies handkerchief just to avoid people seeing him wiping his face using his hands. The story itself is but a flash back in Richard Gregory life. To him Helene is a symbol of people who are better than him. The demonstration of this love is when the narrator does everything in his life for Helene. The narrator broke college record just for her. The narrator shows racism and discrimination just by the mentioning of color in his story. He mentioned that teachers saw him as a black idiot boy. He also mentioned that the only clothe that made him look bosom was the white folks shirt feet him better. Eventually the narrator shows that so long as one works hard in life he will succeed. He shows this by offering to pay the bill for the old wino in Mr. William’s

U.S. Adopting the International Financial Reporting Standards Research Paper

U.S. Adopting the International Financial Reporting Standards - Research Paper Example Both US GAAP and the IFRS serve the same purpose of providing relevant financial information to the users of it, the only difference being in the objectives for which they operate. The US GAAP has separate sets of objectives for business firms and non business users while the IFRS has the same sole objective for all of it users. The following paper examines the pros and cons of the IFRS standards which is about to be implemented in the United States and tries to establish which one of the two is better from the overall perspective (IFRSUSA, 2011). The US GAAP based accounting system is based on a rule based method of accounting which might have both advantages as well as disadvantages. However, when compared to the IFRS method of accounting practice, the GAAP principle is more of a strictly controlled approach which requires that each transaction is recorded as per the rule stated for its accounting even if such maintenance might be misleading and does not allow for comparison between various industries even if the type of transactions are similar. GAAP accounting also increases the risk of non compliance of the stated rules of accounting because it is extremely difficult to defend your position whenever a GAAP rule is not followed. IFRS might be based on principles of accounting rather than stated rules mandated to be followed. This format certainly has more advantages associated with accounting practices more because principles provide a base for a basis of accounting allowing the freedom to companies to choose from among the best way of accounts maintenance possible. Defined and clarified principles allow for a more clear way of accounting and reporting transactions such that making comparisons between companies and similar transactions is facilitated. Such principle basis does not differentiate based on industries and also allows companies to defend their accounting reporting

Business ethics Essay Example for Free

Business ethics Essay The quandary people find themselves in when they have to decide if they should act in a way that might help another person or group, and is the â€Å"right† thing to do, even though doing so might not be in their own self-interest. A dilemma may also arise when a person has to decide between two different courses of action, knowing that whichever course he or she chooses will result in harm to one person or group even though it may benefit another. The ethical dilemma here is to decide which course of action is the â€Å"lesser of two evils. † Suppose we see a person being mugged in the street. How will we behave? Will we act in some way to help even though you risk being hurt? Will we walk away? Perhaps we might adopt a â€Å"middle-of-the-road approach† and not intervene but call the police instead? Does the way we act depend on whether the person being mugged is a fit male, an elderly person, or even a street person? Does it depend on whether there are other people around, so we can tell ourselves, â€Å"Oh well, someone else will help or call the police. I don’t need to†? People often know they are confronting an ethical dilemma when their moral scruples come into play and cause them to hesitate, debate, and reflect upon the â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"goodness† of a course of action. Moral scruples are thoughts and feelings that tell a person what is right or wrong; they are a part of a person’s ethics. Ethics Ethics are the inner-guiding moral principles, values, and beliefs people use to analyze a situation and decide what is â€Å"right. † At the same time, ethics also indicate what inappropriate behavior is and how a person should behave to avoid doing harm to another person. Ethics is that study or discipline which concerns itself with judgments of approval and disapproval, judgments as to the rightness or wrongness, goodness or badness, virtue or vice, desirability or wisdom of actions, dispositions, ends, objects, or states of affairs. There are two main directions which this study may take. It may concern itself with a psychological or sociological analysis and explanation of our ethical judgments, showing what our approvals and disapprovals consist in and why we approve or disapprove what we do. Or it may concern itself with establishing or recommending certain courses of action, ends, or ways of life as to be taken or pursued, either as right or as good or as virtuous or as wise, as over against others which are wrong, bad, vicious, or foolish. The essential problem in dealing with ethical issues, and thus solving moral dilemmas, is that there are no absolute or indisputable rules or principles that can be developed to decide if an action is ethical or unethical. Put simply, different people or groups may dispute which actions are ethical or unethical depending on their own personal self-interest and specific attitudes, beliefs, and values. Ethical Behavior It is one thing to decide, in theory, that being ethical is good; in practice, it can be much more difficult to make the right decisions. Many people feel the same way about ethics—that somehow, instinctively, they know what is right and wrong. In real life, however, ethical dilemmas are often not black and white, but many shades of gray. The following ethics checklist will aid to managers in making tough decisions: †¢ What are the facts? †¢ What are the critical issues? †¢ Who are the stakeholders? †¢ What are the alternatives? †¢ What are the ethical implications of each alternative? †¢ Is it legal? †¢ How would it look in the light of day? †¢ What are the consequences? †¢ Does it violate important values? †¢ What kind of world would this be if everyone behaved this way? †¢ Is more than one alternative right? †¢ Which values are in conflict? †¢ Which of these values are most important? †¢ Can you find an alternative that is consistent with your values? What Are the Facts? Although this question seems obvious, people often forget in the heat of battle to listen to (and, more importantly, to hear) all the different viewpoints. Instead of relying on hearsay and rumor, it is crucial to discover the facts, firsthand, from the people involved. There is always another side to the story. What Are the Critical Issues? In analyzing ethical dilemmas, expand your thinking to include all the important issues. Avoid a narrow focus that encompasses only one or two aspects. Who Are the Stakeholders? Stakeholders are all the people potentially affected by the decision. That list might include subordinates, bosses, shareholders, suppliers, customers, members of the community in which the business operates, society as a whole, or even more remote stakeholders, such as future generations. The interests of these stakeholders often conflict. Current shareholders may benefit from a company’s decision to manufacture a product that contributes to global warming, while future generations are left to contend with a potential environmental nightmare. What Are the Alternatives? The next step is to list the reasonable alternatives. A creative manager may find a clever solution that is a winner for everyone. What Are the Ethical Implications of Each Alternative? Is the Alternative Legal? Illegal may not always be synonymous with unethical, but, as a general rule, you need to think long and hard about the ethics of any illegal activities. How Would the Alternative Look in the Light of Day? If your activities were reported on the evening news, how would you feel? Proud? Embarrassed? Horrified? What Are the Consequences of This Alternative? Ask yourself: Am I hurting anyone by this decision? Which alternative will cause the greatest good (or the least harm) to the most people? For example, you would like to fire an incompetent employee. That decision will clearly have adverse consequences for him. But the other employees in your division will benefit and so will the shareholders of your company. Overall, your decision will cause more good than harm. You should look with a particularly critical eye if an alternative benefits you while harming others. Suppose that you become CEO of a company whose headquarters are located in a distant suburb. You would like to move the headquarters closer to your home to cut your commuting time. Of course, such a decision would be expensive for shareholders and inconvenient for other employees. Do you simply impose your will on the company or consider the consequences for everyone? Does the Alternative Violate Important Values? In addition to consequences, consider fundamental values. It is possible to commit an act that does not harm anyone else, but is still the wrong thing to do. Some people question whether, as a diverse, heterogeneous society, we have common values. The following values are almost universal: †¢ Compassion means being aware of and concerned about other people’s feelings, desires, and needs. The compassionate person is able to imagine how he would feel in someone else’s place. †¢ Courage is the strength to act in the face of fear and danger. Courage can require dramatic action (saving a buddy on a battlefield) or quiet strength (doing what you think is right, despite opposition from your boss). †¢ Fairness requires that decisions be made without fraud, prejudice or favoritism. The fair manager treats those he likes at work the same as those who are not his friends. †¢ Integrity means being sincere, honest, and loyal. If you have integrity, you do not criticize others behind their back or take credit for their ideas and efforts. †¢ Responsibility means being trustworthy and dependable. The responsible person meets her commitments, lives up to her promises and contributes to her community. People can count on her. †¢ Self-control is the ability to resist temptation. The person with self-control does not drink or eat too much, party too hard, watch too much television, or spend too much money. Try compiling your own list of values and then check it periodically to see if you are living up to it in your business and personal life. What Kind of World Would This Be if Everyone Behaved This Way? Is this the kind of world in which you would want to live? Imagine that you could cheat on an exam without getting caught. You might gain some short-term benefit—a higher grade. But what would happen if everyone cheated? The professor would have to make the exams harder or curve everyone’s grade down. If your school developed a reputation for cheating, you might not be able to find a job after graduation. Cheating works where most people are honest. To take advantage of everyone else’s honesty is contemptible. Is More than One Alternative Right? Often, the most difficult decisions arise not in cases of right versus wrong but in situations of right versus right. 10 President Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on two Japanese cities is a classic example of right versus right. He argued that if he had not ended the war by using nuclear weapons, more Americans and Japanese would have died during a land invasion. Looking simply at the consequences, he concluded that the terrible suffering by the Japanese people was justified because, ultimately, fewer people died overall. At the same time, none of us want to live in a world where nuclear weapons are used. Indeed, since the end of World War II, the United States has worked hard to ensure that no one else ever deploys nuclear weapons. Which Values Are in Conflict? There are many ways to justify a decision to lay off workers, even 40,000 of them. If managers avoid layoffs, then profits suffer, stock prices fall, companies merge, and executives lose their own jobs. Which of These Values Are Most Important? Suppose that, growing up, you had seen family members or neighbors suffering through bouts of unemployment. That experience might have taught you that compassion is a high priority. Managers must determine which values are important in their own lives. Can You Find an Alternative That Is Consistent with Your Values? The decision you make not only determines the kind of person you are now, but also sets your course for the future. Can you reach a decision that is consistent with the kind of person you are or want to be? Instead of announcing massive layoffs, some companies offer generous severance packages, retraining programs, and other voluntary methods of reducing the workforce. Shareholders may receive less benefit, but employees suffer less harm. Changes in Ethics Change over time: Neither laws nor ethics are fixed principles cast in stone, however. Both change over time. As a society’s ethical beliefs change, its laws change to reflect them. It was considered both ethical and legal to own slaves in ancient Rome and Greece and in the United States until the nineteenth century. Ethical views regarding whether slavery was morally right subsequently changed, however, and slavery was later outlawed. Confusing behavior: In most societies today behaviors like murder, theft, slavery, and rape are considered unacceptable and prohibited. But many other kinds of behaviors are open to dispute when it comes to whether they are ethical or should be made illegal or not. Some people might believe that a particular behavior such as smoking tobacco or possessing guns is unethical and should be made illegal. Others might argue that it is up to individual people if they want to own guns or smoke. Vary from country to country: In the United States it is, of course, illegal to possess or use marijuana even though it has been shown to have many medical uses. Some cancer sufferers and AIDS patients find that marijuana relieves many of the side effects of medical treatment, like nausea and lack of appetite. Yet, in the United States, the Supreme Court has held that the federal government can prohibit doctors from prescribing marijuana to these patients, so their suffering goes on. By contrast in Canada there has been a widespread movement to decriminalize marijuana, and in other countries, marijuana is perfectly legal. Laws can and do change as people’s ethical beliefs change: The point is laws can and do change as people’s ethical beliefs change. For example, in Britain in 1830, there were over 350 different crimes for which a person could be executed, including sheep stealing. Today there are none. Capital punishment has been abolished. No absolute standards exist to determine how we should behave: No absolute standards exist to determine how we should behave. Consequently, we frequently get caught in moral dilemmas and are continually faced with ethical choices. It is a part of life. Importance of Ethics to Society Does ethical behavior maximize profitability? Some people argue that, in the long run, ethical behavior does indeed pay. But they must mean the very long run, because to date there is little evidence that ethical behavior necessarily pays financially, either in the short or the long run. Society as a whole benefits from ethical behavior: Ethics and competitiveness are inseparable. We compete as a society. No society anywhere will compete very long or successfully with people stabbing each other in the back; with people trying to steal from each other; with everything requiring notarized confirmation because you can’t trust the other fellow; with every little squabble ending in litigation; and with government writing reams of regulatory legislation, tying business hand and foot to keep it honest. That is a recipe not only for headaches in running a company; it is a recipe for a nation to become wasteful, inefficient, and noncompetitive. There is no escaping this fact: the greater the measure of mutual trust and confidence in the ethics of a society, the greater its economic strength. Money does not buy happiness: Researchers who study happiness find that people expect material goods to make them happier than they actually do. Sure, you enjoy driving that snappy new car home from the dealership, but afterward your happiness quickly returns to its natural base level. People find themselves on the so-called â€Å"hedonic treadmill†Ã¢â‚¬â€struggling to buy more and more things so they can get that buyer’s high, only to discover that they can never buy enough to maintain the thrill. Almost no matter how much people earn, they feel they would be happier if their income were just a little bit higher. So what does make people happy in the long run? Good relationships, satisfying work, ties to the community—all available at no additional cost. People feel better when they behave ethically: Profitability is generally not what motivates managers to care about ethics. Managers want to feel good about themselves and the decisions they have made; they want to sleep at night. Their decisions—to lay off employees, install safety devices in cars, burn a cleaner fuel—affect peoples’ lives. Unethical behavior can be very costly: Unethical behavior is a risky business strategy—it may lead to disaster. An engaged couple made a reservation, and put down a $1,500 deposit, to hold their wedding reception at a New Hampshire restaurant. Tragically, the bride died of asthma four months before the wedding. Invoking the terms of the contract, the restaurant owner refused to return the couple’s deposit. In a letter to the groom, he admitted, â€Å"Morally, I would of course agree that the deposit should be returned. † When newspapers reported this story, customers deserted the restaurant and it was forced into bankruptcy—over a $1,500 disagreement. Unethical behavior does not always damage a business, but it certainly has the potential of destroying a company overnight. So why take the risk? Even if unethical behavior does not devastate a business, it can cause other, subtler damage. In one survey, a majority of those questioned said that they had witnessed unethical behavior in their workplace and that this behavior had reduced productivity, job stability, and profits. Unethical behavior in an organization creates a cynical, resentful, and unproductive workforce. Ethical behavior is more likely to pay off: Although there is no guarantee that ethical behavior pays in the short or long run, there is evidence that the ethical company is more likely to win financially. Ethical companies tend to have a better reputation, more creative and cooperative employees and higher returns than those that engage in wrong-doing. So why bother with ethics? Because when managers behave ethically, society will be benefited. Money does not buy happiness. Because ethical managers have happier, more satisfying lives. Because unethical behavior can destroy a business faster than a snake can bite. And because, in the end, ethical behavior is more likely to pay off. Stakeholders and Business Ethics The people and groups affected by the way a company does business are called its stakeholders. Stakeholders supply a company with its productive resources. As a result, they have a claim on and stake in the company. Because stakeholders can directly benefit or be harmed by its actions, the business ethics of a company and its managers are important to them. These various stakeholders are shown in Figure Stockholders Stockholders have a claim on a company because when they buy its stock, or shares, they become its owners. This stock grants them the right to receive some of the company’s profits in the form of dividends. And they expect to get these dividends. Stockholders are interested in the way a company operates because they want to maximize their return on their investment. Thus, they watch the company and its managers closely to ensure they are working diligently to increase the company’s profitability. Stockholders also want to ensure that managers are behaving ethically and not risking investors’ capital by engaging in actions that could hurt the company’s reputation and quickly bankrupt it. Managers Managers are a vital stakeholder group because they are responsible for using a company’s financial capital and human resources to increase its profitability and stock price. Managers have a claim on an organization because they bring to it their skills, expertise, and experience. They have the right to expect a good return or reward by investing their human capital to improve a company’s performance. Such rewards include good salaries and benefits, the prospect of promotion and a career, and stock options and bonuses tied to the company’s performance. Managers must be motivated and given incentives to work hard in the interests of stockholders. Their behavior must also be scrutinized to ensure they do not behave illegally or unethically and pursue goals that threaten stockholders’ (and employees’) interests. Employees A company’s employees are the hundreds of thousands of people who work in its various functions, like research, sales, and manufacturing. Employees expect that they will receive rewards consistent with their performance. One principal way a company acts ethically toward employees and meets their expectations is by creating an occupational structure that fairly and equitably rewards them for their contributions. Companies, for example, need to develop recruitment, training, performance appraisal, and reward systems that do not discriminate between employees and that employees believe are fair. Suppliers and Distributors No company operates alone. Every company relies on a network of other companies that supply it with the inputs it needs to operate. Companies also depend on intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers to distribute its products to the final customer. Suppliers expect to be paid fairly and promptly for their inputs; distributors expect to receive quality products at agreed-upon prices. Once again, many ethical issues arise in the way companies contract and interact with their suppliers and distributors. Important issues concerning how and when payments are to be made or product quality specifications are governed by the terms of the legal contracts a company signs with its suppliers and distributors. Many other issues are dependent on business ethics. Customers Customers are often regarded as the most critical stakeholders: If a company cannot persuade them to buy its products, it cannot stay in business. Thus, managers and employees must work to increase efficiency and effectiveness in order to create loyal customers and attract new ones. They do so by selling customers quality products at a fair price and providing good after-sales service. They can also strive to improve their products over time. Many laws exist that protect customers from companies that attempt to provide dangerous or shoddy products. Laws exist that allow customers to sue a company that produces a bad product, such as a defective tire or vehicle, causing them harm. Other laws force companies to clearly disclose the interest rates they charge on purchases—a cost that customers frequently do not factor into their purchase decisions. Every year thousands of companies are prosecuted for breaking these laws, so â€Å"buyer beware† is an important business rule customers must follow. Community, Society, and Nation Community refers to the physical location in which a company is located, like a city, town, or neighborhood. A community provides a company with the physical and social infrastructure that allows it to do business; its utilities and labor force; the homes in which its managers and employees live; the schools, colleges, and hospitals that service their needs, and so on. Through the salaries, wages, and taxes it pays, a company contributes to the economy of the town or region in which it operates and often determines whether the community prospers or suffers. Similarly, a company affects the prosperity of a society and a nation and, to the degree that a company is involved in global trade, all of the countries in which it operates. Sources of Business Ethics Primarily ethics in business is affected by three sources culture, religion and laws of the state. It is for this reason we do not have uniform or completely similar standards across the globe. These three factors exert influences to varying degrees on humans which ultimately get reflected in the ethics of the organization. Religion It is one of the oldest foundations of ethical standards. Religion wields varying influences across various sects of people. It is believed that ethics is a manifestation of the divine and so it draws a line between the good and the bad in the society. Depending upon the degree of religious influence we have different sects of people; we have sects, those who are referred to as orthodox or fundamentalists and those who are called as moderates. Needless to mention, religion exerts itself to a greater degree among the orthodox and to lesser extent in case of moderates. Fundamentally however all the religions operate on the principle of reciprocity towards ones fellow beings. Culture Culture is a pattern of behaviors and values that are transferred from one generation to another, those that are considered as ideal or within the acceptable limits. No wonder therefore that it is the culture that predominantly determines what is wrong and what is right. It is the culture that defines certain behavior as acceptable and others as unacceptable. Human civilization in fact has passed through various cultures, wherein the moral code was redrafted depending upon the epoch that was. What was immoral or unacceptable in certain culture became acceptable later on and vice versa. During the early years of human development where ones who were the strongest were the ones who survived! Violence, hostility and ferocity were thus the acceptable. Approximately 10,000 year ago when human civilization entered the settlement phase, hard work, patience and peace were seen as virtues and the earlier ones were considered otherwise. These values are still put in practice by the managers of today. Still further, when human civilization witnessed the industrial revolution, the ethics of agrarian economy was replaced by the law pertaining to technology, property rights etc. Ever since a tussle has ensued between the values of the agrarian and the industrial economy! Law Laws are procedures and code of conduct that are laid down by the legal system of the state. They are meant to guide human behavior within the social fabric. The major problem with the law is that all the ethical expectations cannot be covered by the law and specially with ever changing outer environment the law keeps on changing but often fails to keep pace. In business, complying with the rule of law is taken as ethical behavior, but organizations often break laws by evading taxes, compromising on quality, service norms etc. Childhood Upbringing Without really thinking or even being able to avoid it, each person learns ethics from his or her parents—what they teach in words and perhaps more importantly through their actions. These teachings shape our most fundamental attitudes about what is right and what is wrong. As a very brief insurance-related example, the child of an insurance agent, upon reaching adulthood, is much more likely to be honest and truthful in settling claims under his or her insurance policies than is the grown child of another insurance agent if the other agent was terminated by the insurer under disputed circumstances. The child may not have understood the intricacies of those circumstances at the time, but as an adult, he or she is likely to believe in their heart that insurers are not to be trusted and do not deserve to be treated honestly. Later Life Experiences Similarly, a life-shaping event later in life may more directly and consciously shape a persons ethics. Thus, someone severely injured in an automobile accident may have a much higher opinion of the entire automobile-injury reparations system—including the police who investigated, the hospital that provided care, the lawyers and courts that resolved any legal issues, and the insurers that helped finance so much of the injured persons recovery—if that person is satisfied with the ultimate medical and financial result months and years after the accident. If, however, this victim feels the result was medically inferior or legally unfair, the victim may well treat everyone in the system unfairly—even years later in circumstances unrelated to the original accident—just to seek some measure of personal justice. Religious Beliefs Virtually all the worlds religions teach an essentially similar code of ethics that emphasizes honesty, respect for others and their rights, and selflessness. Therefore, in both business and personal situations, a highly religious person is likely to act in ways that most of us will regard as highly ethical. Their religion will give them highly explicit, generally internally consistent, guides to good personal conduct. These guidelines usually can be broadened to apply quite well to business activity. Moreover, those for whom religion is not a central force in their lives are more likely to act in self-centered, ethically questionable ways. Codes of Ethics Perhaps the most direct and explicit sources of our daily ethical guidance are codes of ethics for business conduct. Whether issued by professional societies (such as the Risk and Insurance Management Society, the Society of Chartered Property and Casualty Underwriters, or the American Society of Safety Engineers), by a business or fraternal society (such as an insurance agents association or the Lions or Elks), or by civic groups (such as local or national chambers of commerce), these ethical codes generally have two goals. The first is to set forth objectives like quality output, honesty, and public service in the customer or community dealings by the people who are governed by, or choose to subscribe to, a particular code. The second typical goal is to protect those to whom the code applies from harmful conduct by others governed by that particular code—conduct such as unfair competition or actions that that cast the entire group in a bad light. This second goal often is expressed through rather specific rules about what those governed by the code definitely must, or must not, do in their dealings with customers, one another, and the public at large. These self-protective rules can sometimes appear to conflict with religious, philosophical, or other sources of ethical guidance. Discussions with Others Almost daily, quite casually, and sometimes without thinking, virtually all of us talk about others and our own actions—offering frequent opinions about whether what they or we have been doing is good, right, and sensible (or perhaps very much the opposite). Buried in this small talk, chit chat, gossip, and mealtime conversations are implicit—sometimes very explicit—ethical judgments about the behavior being discussed. People and their words and actions are labeled wonderful, mean, greedy, generous, or hundreds of other qualities. Over time, these discussions lead each of us to a sense of what the people around us consider to be good and bad, ethical and unethical, conduct. Unless we have strong personal reasons or other commitments to believe otherwise, most of us tend to go along with the opinions of those around us, rather than bucking the tide by independently evaluating the ethical aspects of others actions. Thus, often almost automatically, the social consensus can become the approved, although unexamined, ethical standard. Ethical Philosophers In sharp contrast to these ethics of casual social consensus, the philosophers who have developed systems of ethics—such people as Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Bentham, and more recent ethical thinkers throughout the world—have developed basic principles from which they have derived systems of ethics. These principles fall into two general groups: those that are rules-based and those that are results-based. Examples of rule-based ethics appear in the Bibles Ten Commandments, in many professions codes of ethics, and in the Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. Results-based systems of ethics emphasize principles such as physicians never knowingly doing or allowing medical harm; doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Bentham and other utilitarian), and Kants principle of universality—taking an action only if everyone could take the same action without bringing about more harm than good and without creating logical impossibilities (like the logical impossibility of every person being more generous to every other person than anyone is to the first person). Ethical Dilemmas. A final source of ethical insight (more a way of developing ones ethical awareness and sensibilities than a separate source of ethical guidance) is pondering ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas are real or imagined situations that pit two or more ethical principles, rules, or objectives against one another. To resolve the dilemma, one has to decide which of these ethically desirable ends is the more/most important or, alternatively, if there is a way to achieve both/all of these ends without committing some other ethical wrong. For example, if you are an adult and your father, convicted as a murderer, has escaped a federal prison in California to hide in your Missouri house, how do you respond when an FBI agent standing in your yard asks Is your father in your house now? Assuming he is, Yes breaks the commandment to honor ones parents, but No breaks the commandment to tell the truth in all morally significant situations. (When your spouse asks if she/he is especially beautiful/handsome as you are leaving you house to go to a friends birthday party, your response probably is not ethically significant for the community, but it may be very significant within your marriage. ) Classification of Ethics Ethics may be divided into four major areas of study 1. Meta-ethics 2. Normative ethics 3. Descriptive ethics 4. Applied ethics Meta-ethics Meta-ethics is a field within ethics that seeks to understand the nature of normative ethics. The focus of meta-ethics is on how we understand, know about, and what we mean when we talk about what is right and what is wrong. Normative Ethics Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking. Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics because it examines standards for the rightness and wrongnes.